IceStorm Learner’s Documentation

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IceStorm

This manual is work-in-progress. You can find the official IceStorm documentation here.

Copyright © 2017 Roland Lutz

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.


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Introduction

IceStorm has an excellent reference documentation of the 1K and 8K bitstreams as well as a few additional pages explaining the various tiles and the binary bitstream format. However, for a reader not already familiar with IceStorm or the iCE40 FPGA, it would be helpful if a more introduction-like documentation was available.

This document is intended to become this documentation for the IceStorm project and to contain all information which is useful for working with it. It follows the guidelines for GNU documentation (see Documenting Programs in GNU Coding Standards).

There’s some important documentation which can’t be included here for copyright reasons:


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1 Lattice iCE40 1K and 8K FPGAs

This chapter describes the architecture of the Lattice iCE40 1K and 8K FPGAs. ...


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1.1 Wires

Wires are how an output of one tile is connected to an input of another tile. There are four different kinds of wires:


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1.2 Local tracks

Except for the direct carry connection of vertically neighbouring logic tiles [and global wire special effects], outputs are routed to a tile’s inputs via local tracks.

The number of local tracks depends on the tile: logic, top RAM, and bottom RAM tiles have 32 local tracks (4 groups @ 8 wires each) while I/O tiles have 16 local tracks (2 groups @ 8 wires each). The tile’s own outputs, neighbouring tiles’ outputs, and span wires can be connected to the local tracks, but only specific connections are allowed (see the Bitstream Reference for details). The local tracks can then be connected to the tile’s inputs.

For global wires, an additional step is required: logic, top RAM, and bottom RAM tiles have 4 global-to-local nets (I/O tiles don’t have global-to-local nets). Each of these nets can be connected to any of the eight global nets and to one specific local track.


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1.3 Figures

Tiles in the iCE40 HX386

Figure 1.1: Tile fabric for the iCE40 LP384 FPGA. Pins on the left or bottom of an I/O tile are connected to I/O block 0 and pins on the right or top to I/O block 1. Pin numbers correspond to the 32-pin QFN package; pins shown in grey aren’t connected in this package but are in other packages.

Tiles in the iCE40 HX1K

Figure 1.2: Tile fabric for the iCE40 xx1K FPGA. Pins on the left or bottom of an I/O tile are connected to I/O block 0 and pins on the right or top to I/O block 1. Pin numbers correspond to the 144-pin TQFP package; the pin shown in grey isn’t connected in this package but is in other packages.

Tiles in the iCE40 HX8K

Figure 1.3: Tile fabric for the iCE40 xx4K and xx8K FPGA. Pins on the left or bottom of an I/O tile are connected to I/O block 0 and pins on the right or top to I/O block 1. Pin numbers correspond to the 144-pin TQFP package; pins shown in grey aren’t connected in this package but are in other packages.

I suggest you spend a few minutes meditating over these pictures. This is the map of what you are working with; knowing it well will make things much easier.


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2 Writing Designs for iCE40 FPGAs


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2.1 Pin mappings

I/O BlockPinDescriptionin/out
0 14 11DCDnout
0 14 02DSRnout
0 13 13DTRnin
0 13 04CTSnout
0 12 17RTSnin
0 12 08RS232_Tx_TTLout(actually, it’s not RS232 but UART)
0 11 19RS232_Rx_TTLin(actually, it’s not RS232 but UART)
0 8 12112.0000MHz clockin
4 0 044J3 10
4 0 145J3 9
5 0 047J3 8
5 0 148J3 7
7 0 156J3 6
8 0 160J3 5
9 0 061J3 4
9 0 162J3 3
11 0 067SPI MOSI
11 0 168SPI MISO
12 0 070SPI SCK
12 0 171SPI SS_B
13 3 178Pmod 1
13 4 079Pmod 2
13 4 180Pmod 3
13 6 081Pmod 4
13 6 187Pmod 7
13 7 088Pmod 8
13 7 190Pmod 9
13 8 091Pmod 10
13 9 195D5 (green)out
13 11 096D4 (red)out
13 11 197D3 (red)out
13 12 098D2 (red)out
13 12 199D1 (red)out
13 14 1105IR TXD
13 15 0106IR RXD
13 15 1107IR SD
12 17 1112J1 3
12 17 0113J1 4
11 17 1114J1 5
11 17 0115J1 6
10 17 1116J1 7
10 17 0117J1 8
9 17 1118J1 9
9 17 0119J1 10

Table 2.1: Pin mapping for the Lattice iCEstick


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2.2 USB communication

Un unmodified iCEstick has the following EEPROM configuration:

0001 0403 6010 0700 fa80 0000 1111 109a
3caa 0000 0000 0000 0056 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0310 004c 0061
0074 0074 0069 0063 0065 033c 004c 0061
0074 0074 0069 0063 0065 0020 0046 0054
0055 0053 0042 0020 0049 006e 0074 0065
0072 0066 0061 0063 0065 0020 0043 0061
0062 006c 0065 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 165b

This translates to the following configuration parameters:

Channel A: FIFO (not a virtual COM port)
Channel B: UART (not a virtual COM port, don't suspend on DBUS7 low)

Vendor ID: 0403
Product ID: 6010
Release number: 0700

Power source: bus powered
Remote wakeup: disabled

Max power consumption: 500mA

In endpoint isn't isochronous
Out endpoint isn't isochronous
Don't pull down I/O pins during USB suspend mode
Don't use serial number string

Group AL drive: 8mA (no slow slew, no schmitt input)
Group AH drive: 8mA (no slow slew, no schmitt input)
Group BL drive: 8mA (no slow slew, no schmitt input)
Group BH drive: 8mA (no slow slew, no schmitt input)

Attached EEPROM: 93x56 (actually, it's a 93LC56)

Manufacturer: "Lattice"
Product: "Lattice FTUSB Interface Cable"
No serial string

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3 Programing the FPGA


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3.1 How the configuration is loaded

The configuration of the FPGA is stored in an internal SRAM. Since the SRAM contents are lost when the FPGA isn’t powered, the configuration has to be loaded onto the FPGA when it is powered up. There are three different ways how this can be achieved:

Which of these configuration modes is used is determined by the value of the SPI_SS_B pin at the moment when the CRESET_B pin returns high. If SPI_SS_B is low, the FPGA waits to be configured by an external device. If SPI_SS_B is high, the FPGA configures itself from the external flash (or the internal NVCM, if enabled); in this case, the SPI_SS_B pin doubles as the slave select output for reading the flash.

When loading the configuration, the SRAM starts out as all zeroes which are gradually replaced with the incoming data. The configuration bits immediately take effect as they are loaded. During the configuration, the I/O pins are held in tristate mode; this is released afterwards. The four SPI pins used for configuration (SPI_SO, SPI_SI, SPI_SS_B and SPI_SCK) are released 49 clock cycles later.

[CRESET]

[CDONE – Once the configuration is finished, the CDONE pin is set to high.]


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3.2 Invoking the iceprog Program

iceprog [-b|-n|-c] input-file
iceprog -r|-Rbytes output-file
iceprog -S input-file
iceprog -t

The iceprog program is a simple programming tool for FTDI-based Lattice iCE programmers which can read, write and erase the flash and write the SRAM of an FPGA. It is typically invoked after the bitstream has been converted by icepack to the iCE40 .bin format as the last step of the build process to transfer the bitstream to the FPGA.

3.2.1 Operation mode

When no special option is given, iceprog erases all 64 kB sectors which would be touched by the written data, writes the data to the flash, and then reads it back and verifies it.

Please note: If the data is not aligned to 64 kB, some data before (if -o is used) and after the written data may be erased as well.

The way the flash is erased can be changed with the following options:

-b

Bulk erase the entire flash before writing. When using this option, iceprog can be invoked without an input-file; in this case, the flash is just bulk erased, and nothing is written.

-n

Don’t erase the flash before writing.

Instead of the default erase/write/verify, iceprog can perform some other operations:

-c

Just read the data which would have been written from the flash and verify it (“check”).

-r

Read the first 256 kB from flash and write them to a file.

-R size-in-bytes

Read the specified number of bytes from the flash and write them to a file. You can append k to the size to specify it in kilobytes and M to specify it in megabytes.

-S

Perform SRAM programming.

-t

Just read the flash ID sequence.

All of the above options are mutually exclusive.

3.2.2 General options

-d device-string

Use the specified USB device instead of the default one (which is vendor ID 0x0403 and device ID 0x6010). The supported notations for device-string are:

d:devicenode

Path of the bus and device node within USB device tree (usually at /proc/bus/usb/). Example: ‘d:002/005’.

i:vendor:product

First device with given vendor and product ID. IDs can be decimal, octal (preceded by ‘0’), or hex (preceded by ‘0x’). Example: ‘i:0x0403:0x6010’.

i:vendor:product:index

Same as above, with index being the number of the device (starting with 0) if there is more than one device with this vendor and product ID. Example: ‘i:0x0403:0x6010:0’.

s:vendor:product:serial-string

First device with given vendor ID, product ID and serial string.

-I A|B|C|D

Connect to the specified interface on the FTDI chip. If this option is omitted, interface A is used.

-o offset-in-bytes

Start reading/writing at address offset-in-bytes instead of the beginning of the memory. You can append k to the offset to specify it in kilobytes and M to specify it in megabytes.

-v

Write more verbose messages.

--help

Display a help text and exit.

3.2.3 Exit status

0

Success.

1

A non-hardware error occurred (e.g., failure to read from or write to a file, or invoked with invalid options).

2

Communication with the hardware failed (e.g., cannot find the iCE FTDI USB device).

3

Verification of the data failed.

3.2.4 Notes for specific boards

3.2.4.1 Notes for the iCEstick (iCE40HX-1k development board)

An unmodified iCEstick can only be programmed via the serial flash. Direct programming of the SRAM is not supported. For direct SRAM programming, the flash chip and one zero ohm resistor must be desoldered, and the FT2232H SI pin must be connected to the iCE SPI_SI pin as shown in this picture.

3.2.4.2 Notes for the iCE40-HX8K Breakout Board

Make sure that the jumper settings on the board match the selected mode (SRAM or FLASH). See the iCE40-HX8K user manual for details.


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4 Communicating with the FPGA

The FTDI IC on the iCEstick which handles USB communication with the computer provides two communication channels: channel A is used to program the configuration onto the flash via SPI while channel B is directly connected to the FPGA and can be used for arbitrary communication. (If the hardware has been modified for direct SRAM programming, channel A is available for communication via SPI as well.)

By default, channel B is configured as an UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter) port, i.e., a serial terminal. To wires named Tx (transmit, FPGA→PC) and Rx (receive, PC→FPGA) are used to transmit data serially (i.e., one bit after another) in packages of 7 or 8 bits. In addition, there are five “modem control lines” which can be used as generic I/O pins (see Table 4.1).

I/O BlockTQFP PinNameDirectionioctl BitValue
0 11 19receive (FPGA) / transmit (PC)PC→FPGA
0 12 08transmit (FPGA) / receive (PC)FPGA→PC
line enableTIOCM_LE0x001
0 13 13data terminal readyPC→FPGATIOCM_DTR0x002
0 12 17request to sendPC→FPGATIOCM_RTS0x004
secondary transmitTIOCM_ST0x008
secondary receiveTIOCM_SR0x010
0 13 04clear to sendFPGA→PCTIOCM_CTS0x020
0 14 11data carrier detectFPGA→PCTIOCM_CAR / TIOCM_CD0x040
ring indicatorFPGA→PCTIOCM_RNG / TIOCM_RI0x080
0 14 02data set readyFPGA→PCTIOCM_DSR0x100

Table 4.1: UART and modem control lines


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4.1 Using the modem control lines as GPIO

The easiest way to comminicate with the FPGA is to use the “modem control lines” DTR, RTS, CTS, (D)CD and DSR as general purpose I/O pins. You can totally disregard their historic meaning and just use them to communicate an arbitrary status from the computer to the FPGA (DTR, RTS) or from the FPGA to the computer (CTS, CD, DSR).

4.1.1 Accessing the modem control lines from the FPGA

The modem control lines are connected to pins 1–4 and 7 of the FPGA as shown in Table 4.1. In order to be able to use them, you have to add them to the .pcf file:

set_io DCD 1  # out
set_io DSR 2  # out
set_io DTR 3  # in
set_io CTS 4  # out
set_io RTS 7  # in

You can assign whatever name you want to them here; all that matters to the FPGA is which pins it should input from or output to. Just make sure not to confuse an input for an output as you may damage the board.

Now, you can add them to the top module declaration using your assigned names just like any I/O pin. Here’s an example design with a binary counter which is shown on the middle three LEDs as well as signalled on the three output lines. The state of the two input lines is displayed on the two outer LEDs:

`default_nettype none

module top(
	input clk,

	output DCD,
	output DSR,
	input DTR,
	output CTS,
	input RTS,

	output LED0,
	output LED1,
	output LED2,
	output LED3,
	output LED4);

    reg [25:0] counter;
    always @(posedge clk)
        counter <= counter + 1;

    assign {LED2, LED0} = ~{DTR, RTS};
    assign {LED3, LED4, LED1} = counter[25:23];
    assign {DCD, DSR, CTS} = ~{counter[25], counter[24], counter[23]};
endmodule

Note: The modem pins (but not Tx and Rx) on the FTDI chip are active low, so the levels have to be inverted when reading/writing them.

4.1.2 Accessing the modem control lines from the computer

You can examine and toggle the state of the modem control lines from the computer using a standard terminal program. I’ll explain the process using GtkTerm as an example. After starting up the application, select Configuration → Port from the menu (or press Ctrl+Shift+S) to bring up the configuration dialog. Select /dev/ttyUSB1 as a serial port (if you have multiple USB serial devices connected to your computer, the number may be higher) and press OK. The other settings don’t matter for now.

You should then be able to see the indicators in the status bar flash between disabled and normal. To toggle the state of the lines from the computer to the FPGA, you can use Control signals → Toggle DTR and Control signals → Toggle RTS (F7 and F8).

4.1.3 Writing a program which accesses the modem control lines

You can control the modem control lines from your own program by using the ioctl(2) system call; see tty_ioctl(4) for a list of commands which can be used on a serial port. To illustrate this, here’s an example program which prints the state of the FPGA→computer lines and sets the computer→FPGA lines whose names have been given as command line arguments to high and the other lines to low:

#include <err.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <unistd.h>

const char *tty_path = "/dev/ttyUSB1";

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	int fd = open(tty_path, O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY);
	if (fd == -1)
		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "open: %s", tty_path);

	int bits = 0;
	if (ioctl(fd, TIOCMGET, &bits) == -1)
		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "ioctl: TIOCMGET");

	printf("CTS = %d, DCD = %d, DSR = %d\n", (bits & TIOCM_CTS) != 0,
						 (bits & TIOCM_CD) != 0,
						 (bits & TIOCM_DSR) != 0);

	bits &= ~TIOCM_DTR;
	bits &= ~TIOCM_RTS;

	int i;
	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
		if (strcasecmp(argv[i], "DTR") == 0)
			bits |= TIOCM_DTR;
		else if (strcasecmp(argv[i], "RTS") == 0)
			bits |= TIOCM_RTS;
		else
			errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s: invalid argument", argv[i]);
	}

	if (ioctl(fd, TIOCMSET, &bits) == -1)
		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "ioctl: TIOCMSET");

	if (close(fd) == -1)
		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "close");

	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

You can compile this program using the following command:

$ gcc -Wall -W -g -o mcl-example mcl-example.c

To run it, specify the bits to be set high on the command line:

$ ./mcl-example
$ ./mcl-example dtr
$ ./mcl-example rts
$ ./mcl-example dtr rts

Note: There’s a serial line control mode flag called HUPCL which is set by default and causes the modem control lines to be lowered after the last process closes the port. If you want your changes to have a visible effect, you have to either add some more code to your program so it doesn’t quit immediately, keep another program open on the terminal, or use the following command to reset the HUPCL flag:

$ stty -hupcl < /dev/ttyUSB1

This will take effect until you reboot you computer, after which you’ll have to re-run the command. If you want to undo this for some reason, you can do so with the following command:

$ stty hupcl < /dev/ttyUSB1

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4.2 Communication with the FPGA via UART

4.2.1 Sending and receiving bytes from the FPGA

4.2.2 Connecting to the FPGA from the computer

4.2.3 Writing a program which uses a serial port


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4.3 Using the FTDI IC in FIFO mode

4.3.1 Configuring the FTDI IC to use FIFO mode

4.3.2 Sending and receiving data from the FPGA

4.3.3 Writing a program which accesses the FTDI IC in FIFO mode

4.3.4 Writing a program which accesses the FTDI IC in MPSSE mode


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5 Using multiple configurations


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5.1 Invoking the icemulti Program

icemulti [option]… input-file

The icemulti program creates a multi-configuration image for Lattice iCE40 FPGAs from up to four individual configuration images. This is used with the coldboot and warmboot mechanisms which allow to select a configuration image to be loaded after a reset based on the values read from the CBSEL0 and CBSEL1 pins or on the values of the fabout nets of I/O tiles 13 1 and 13 2, respectively.

icemulti is typically invoked after the bitstream has been converted to the iCE40 .bin format by icepack and before programming the resulting image onto the configuration flash using iceprog.

5.1.1 Options

-c
--coldboot

Enable coldboot mode: the image which is loaded on power-on or after a low pulse on CRESET_B is determined by the values read from the pins CBSEL0 and CBSEL1.

-p index

When not using coldboot mode, specify the image to be used on power-on or after a low pulse on CRESET_B. index must be in the range 0…3. This option can’t be used in combination with -c.

-a N

Align the images to 2N bytes within the resulting bitstream. The resulting extra space is filled with 0xff.

-A N

Like -aN, but align the first image, too.

-o output-file

Write the resulting bitstream to output-file. (If this option is not specified, the default is to print it to the standard output.)

-v
--verbose

Print the image offsets to stderr.

5.1.2 Resulting bitstream

The bitstream generated by icemulti consists of five 32-byte headers followed by the actual configuration images. If the options -a or -A have been specified, the unused bytes between the images are filles with 0xff.

Each header specifies the start offset of an image: the first header specifies the the offset of the image to be used on power-on or after a low pulse on CRESET_B unless coldboot is used, and the following headers specify the offsets of the four images available via the coldboot or warmboot mechanism. Unused headers point to the first configuration image. In addition, the first header contains a bit specifying whether the coldboot mechanism should be used.

5.1.3 Exit status

Returns ‘0’ on success and ‘1’ on failure.


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Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
http://fsf.org/

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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    We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

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    If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

    If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

    If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

    It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

  5. MODIFICATIONS

    You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

    1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
    2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
    3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
    4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
    5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
    6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
    7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
    8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
    9. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
    10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
    11. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
    12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
    13. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
    14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
    15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

    If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

    You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

    You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

    The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

  6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

    You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

    The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

    In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”

  7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

    You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

    You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

  8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

    A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

    If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

  9. TRANSLATION

    Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

    If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

  10. TERMINATION

    You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

    However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

    Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

    Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.

  11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

    The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

    Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

  12. RELICENSING

    “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

    “CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.

    “Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

    An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

    The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

  Copyright (C)  year  your name.
  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
  Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
  Free Documentation License''.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:

    with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
    the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
    being list.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.


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Index

Jump to:   C   F   G   I   L   N   P   S   W  
Index Entry  Section

C
carry: Wires

F
fabout: Wires

G
global wires: Wires

I
icemulti program, usage: icemulti Invocation
iceprog program, usage: iceprog Invocation

L
local tracks: Local tracks

N
neighbour connections: Wires

P
PLL outputs: LOCK and SDO: Wires

S
span wires: Wires

W
wires: Wires

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